Process mapping guide

9 min

This comprehensive process mapping guide offers everything you need to know about process maps including definitions, benefits, use cases, symbols, templates, best practices, and how to use Lucidchart to create a professional process map.

What is a process map

A process map is a planning and management tool that visually describes the flow of work and show a series of events that produce an end result. A process map is also called a flowchart, process flowchart, process chart, functional process chart, functional flowchart, process model, workflow diagram, business flow diagram or process flow diagram. It shows who and what is involved in a process and can be used in any business or organization and can reveal areas where a process should be improved.

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Process mapping symbols

Many of these process mapping symbols are best used only in very specific technical situations where all participants understand the symbols being used. For regular process mapping, basic flowchart shapes like process and operations symbols are a perfect choice. It’s also a good idea to include a symbol key and use best practices when creating a flowchart.

Process & operation symbols

Symbol	Name	Description
	Process	The most frequently used flowchart shape shows an action, task or operation that needs to be done.
	Subroutine	Shows a series of actions related to a task, which itself is part of a larger process. It could also mean that there is already a flowchart for the larger process that can be used as a reference.
	Alternate Process	An alternative to the regular process step. Lines connecting with the alternate process symbol are usually dashed.
	Delay	Represents a waiting period or delay in the process.
	Preparation	A preparatory step that sets up another step in the process.
	Manual Loop	A sequence of commands that continually repeats until stopped manually.
	Loop Limit	The point at which a loop stops.

Branching & control of flow symbols

Symbol	Name	Description
	Arrow	The arrows indicate the direction in which the flowchart should be read (usually from the top to the bottom and/or the left to the right).
	Terminator	Represents the entry and exit points of your flowchart. Usually a flowchart has only one starting point but can have several ending points.
	Decision	The point at which a decision needs to be made. The arrows flowing from the decision shape are usually labeled with yes, no, true or false.
	Connector	In order to connect to different page or section of the chart, and you can't draw a line, you can use a circle labeled with a letter. Put another circle with the same letter where the flow continues.
	Off-page Connector	Indicates the process continues off page. A letter or page number in the shape tells you where to go.
	Merge	A step where two or more sub-processes merge together and become one.
	Extract	Shows when a process divides into different but parallel directions.
	Or	Represents when a process diverges, usually for more than two branches.
	Summoning or Junction	When multiple sub-processes merge into a single process.

Input & output symbols

Symbol	Name	Description
	Input/Output or Data	Represents material or information entering or leaving the process. Receiving a report is an input. Generating a report is an output.
	Document	Indicates a process step that generates a document or report.
	Multiple Documents	A process step that produces multiple documents or reports.
	Display	A step that displays information to a person.
	Manual Input	Represents a step where a user must input information manually.

File & information storage symbols

Symbol	Name	Description
	Stored Data Symbol	Represents a step in the process where data gets stored.
	Database Symbol	A list of information with a standard structure that allows for searching and sorting.
	Direct Access Storage Symbol	Represents a hard drive.
	Internal Storage Symbol	Used in programming to represent information stored in memory instead of on a file.

Data processing symbols

Symbol	Name	Description
	Collate Symbol	Represents a process that organizes data or materials into a standard format.
	Sort Symbol	Indicates the sorting of data, information, and materials into a pre-determined order.

Types of process maps

Process mapping is about communicating your process to others. You can build stronger understanding with process maps. The most common process map types include:

Activity Process Map - Represents value added and non-value added activities in a process.
Detailed Process Map - Provides a much more detailed look at each step in the process.
Document Map - documents are the inputs and outputs in a process.
High-Level Process Map - High-level representation of a process involving interactions between Supplier, Input, Process, Output and Customer. Also called a SIPOC diagram.
Rendered Process Map - Represents current state and/or future state processes to show areas for process improvement.
Swimlane (or Cross-functional) Map - Separates out the sub-process responsibilities in the process between team members or departments.
Value-Added Chain Diagram - Unconnected boxes that represent a very simplified version of a process for quick understanding
Value Stream Map - a lean-management technique that analyzes and improves processes needed to make a product or provide a service to a customer.
Work Flow Diagram - a work process shown in “flow” format that doesn’t utilize Unified Modeling Language (UML) symbols.

Purpose of process mapping

The purpose of process mapping is for organizations and businesses to improve efficiency. Process maps provide insight into a process, help teams brainstorm ideas for process improvement, increase communication and provide process documentation. Process mapping will identify bottlenecks, repetition and delays. They help to define process boundaries, process ownership, process responsibilities and effectiveness measures or process metrics.

Increase understanding of a process
Analyze how a process could be improved
Show others how a process is done
Improve communication between individuals engaged in the same process
Provide process documentation
Plan projects

Benefits of process mapping

Process mapping spotlights waste, streamlines work processes and builds understanding. Process mapping allows you to visually communicate the important details of a process rather than writing extensive directions.

Create and speed up the project design
Provide effective visual communication of ideas, information and data
Help with problem solving and decision making
Identify problems and possible solutions
Can be built quickly and economically
Show processes broken down into steps and use symbols that are easy to follow
Show detailed connections and sequences
Show an entire process from the beginning to the end

Process maps help you to understand the important characteristics of a process, allowing you to produce helpful data to use in problem solving. Process maps let you strategically ask important questions that help you improve any process.

Process mapping tutorial

Process mapping tutorial in Lucidchart

2:22

How to make a process map

Step 1: Identify the problem:
- What is the process that needs to be visualized? Type its title at the top of the document.
Step 2: Brainstorm all the activities that will be involved:
- At this point, sequencing the steps isn’t important, but it may help you to remember the steps needed for your process. Decide what level of detail to include. Determine who does what and when it is done.
Step 3: Figure out boundaries:
- Where or when does the process start?
- Where or when does the process stop?
Step 4: Determine and sequence the steps:
- It’s helpful to have a verb begin the description. You can show either the general flow or every detailed action or decision.
Step 5: Draw basic flowchart symbols:
- Each element in a process map is represented by a specific flowchart symbol, which together represent process mapping symbols:
  - Ovals show the beginning or the ending of a process.
  - Rectangles show an operation or activity that needs to be done.
  - Arrows represent the direction of flow.
  - Diamonds show a point where a decision must be made. Arrows coming out of a diamond are usually labeled yes or no. Only one arrow comes out of an activity box. If more than is needed, you should probably use a decision diamond.
  - Parallelograms show inputs or outputs
Step 6: Finalize the process flowchart
- Review the flowchart with other stakeholders (team member, workers, supervisors, suppliers, customers, etc.) to make sure everyone is in agreement.
- Make sure you’ve included important chart information like a title and date, which will make it easy to reference.
- Helpful questions to ask:
  - Is the process being run how it should?
  - Will team members follow the charted process?
  - Is everyone in agreement with the process map flow?
  - Is anything redundant?
  - Are any steps missing?

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Process mapping FAQs

What is a process map?

A process map is a planning and management tool that visually describes the flow of work and shows a series of events that produce an end result. It is also called a flowchart, process flowchart, workflow diagram, or business flow diagram.

What are the basic symbols used in process mapping?

Ovals show the beginning or ending of a process, rectangles show an operation or activity, arrows represent the direction of flow, diamonds show decision points, and parallelograms show inputs or outputs.

What are the main steps to create a process map?

Identify the problem, brainstorm all activities involved, figure out boundaries (start and end points), determine and sequence the steps, draw basic flowchart symbols, and finalize the flowchart by reviewing with stakeholders.

What are the benefits of process mapping?

Process mapping increases understanding of a process, helps identify bottlenecks and inefficiencies, improves communication between team members, provides process documentation, and allows you to visually communicate important details rather than writing extensive directions.

What is a swimlane process map?

A swimlane (or cross-functional) map separates out the sub-process responsibilities within a process between team members or departments, making it clear who is responsible for each step.

What is the difference between a high-level process map and a detailed process map?

A high-level process map represents a process involving interactions among supplier, input, process, output, and customer (also called a SIPOC diagram), while a detailed process map provides a more detailed look at each step in the process.

Can I create a process map in Lucidchart from a spreadsheet?

Yes, Lucidchart's import feature allows you to insert information from spreadsheets and plain text files directly into your diagram, saving you from manual entry.

What is a value stream map?

A value stream map is a lean management technique that analyzes and improves the processes needed to deliver a product or service to a customer.

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Contents

Process mapping guide

What is a process map

Master the basics of Lucidchart in 3 minutes

Process mapping symbols

Process & operation symbols

Branching & control of flow symbols

Input & output symbols

File & information storage symbols

Data processing symbols

Types of process maps

Purpose of process mapping

Benefits of process mapping

Process mapping tutorial

How to make a process map

Everything you need to make a diagram

Process mapping templates

Business Process Flow Template

Support Process Template

Processing and Qualifying Leads Example

Helpful Resources

Process mapping software

Process improvement course

Process diagram course

5 step strategic planning process

The basics of documenting your as-is process

Process mapping FAQs

Everything you need to make a diagram

What is a process map

Master the basics of Lucidchart in 3 minutes

Process mapping symbols

Process & operation symbols

Branching & control of flow symbols

Input & output symbols

File & information storage symbols

Data processing symbols

Types of process maps

Purpose of process mapping

Benefits of process mapping

How to make a process map

Everything you need to make a diagram